GLP-1 stands for glucagon-like peptide-1, which is a hormonal pathway that controls appetite and blood sugar regulation. GLP-1 drugs mimic these natural processes in the body. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved GLP-1 drugs for treating type 2 diabetes and obesity, but scientists are exploring other potential uses, such as for addiction. Although GLP-1s can be very effective, they aren’t for everyone. Diet and lifestyle choices are important for success on these lifelong medications.
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Poll
How much has GLP-1 reduced constant thoughts about food?
FAQ
How do GLP-1s work?
GLP-1 drugs stimulate insulin release, suppress glucagon secretion, and delay stomach emptying. These effects can help regulate blood sugar and aid weight loss by reducing appetite and promoting satiety.
What are the side effects of GLP-1s?
The main side effects of GLP-1s are gastrointestinal, including diarrhea, constipation, and nausea. Other potential side effects include dizziness and headache.
What can GLP-1s help with?
Depending on the drug, GLP-1s have been approved by the FDA to treat type 2 diabetes, obesity, chronic kidney disease in people with type 2 diabetes, and sleep apnea. In people with a history of heart attack or stroke who have diabetes, GLP-1s are approved to lower the risk of cardiovascular events.
Are GLP-1s right for everyone?
No, GLP-1 drugs are not right for everyone, including pregnant or nursing people and people with a history of pancreatitis and certain thyroid cancers. Also, you may find these drugs aren’t right for you because of side effects or cost.
What if I can’t afford a GLP-1?
No insurance coverage? You may search for discounts or appeal lost coverage of your GLP-1. Other patients may find success changing the diagnosis associated with their prescription. Know, too, that other approaches, like older drugs or bariatric surgery, are options.
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Adam Gilden, MD, MSCE, is an associate director of the Obesity Medicine Fellowship at University of Colorado School of Medicine and associate director of the Colorado University Me...
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Resources
Liu QK. Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Applications of GLP-1 and Dual GIP/GLP-1 Receptor Agonists. Frontiers in Endocrinology. July 24, 2024.
Srinivasan NM et al. GLP-1 Therapeutics and Their Emerging Role in Alcohol and Substance Use Disorders: An Endocrinology Primer. Journal of the Endocrine Society. October 9, 2025.
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