The Best 8 UV Water Bottles of 2026

The 8 Best UV Water Bottles to Keep You Hydrated on Hectic Days

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Dehydration spells disaster for our bodies. According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), becoming dehydrated poses a long list of risks — everything from putting you in a bad mood to leading to the development of kidney stones. Plus, water is key to protecting your spinal cord and helping your body eliminate waste efficiently. And while a range of drinks can be part of a healthy diet, replacing sugary drinks with water or other low-calorie beverages will decrease the number of calories you consume.

 But, on average, Americans are not drinking enough water. The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics recommends adults drink between 9 and 13 cups of water daily, but this varies based on sex, gender, activity level, diet, and health.

One great way to increase your water consumption is to carry a reusable water bottle around with you. Not only do they produce less waste than disposable water bottles, but many people also find them more convenient than purchasing endless bottles of water. That said, reusable water bottles do come with their own risks, especially if you let them get dirty. A 2017 study indicates that reusable water bottles, if not regularly cleaned, can harbor bacterial loads exceeding the safe limits for drinking water set by many governments.

Luckily, there is a range of UV water bottles that disinfect themselves and the water inside them. The UV light comes from the water bottle's lid and penetrates throughout the entire bottle. UV light kills waterborne pathogens, and recent research indicates that these water bottles are effective at purifying water.

Though UV water bottles all work via the same mechanism, each has its own features and downsides. For example, some clean themselves automatically, while others require you to initiate the cleaning cycle. Others have accompanying apps that track how much water you drink. To help you find the bottle that fits your needs, we scoured the internet for the best UV water bottles and spoke to experts about proper hydration and what to look for in a self-cleaning water bottle. Read on to find a bottle that will help you stay hydrated all summer long.

Our Top Picks for Best UV Water Bottles

Larq Purevis2

Best for Athletes

LARQ Bottle PureVis 2

Pros

  • Tracks hydration via an app
  • Filters out harmful chemicals
  • Available in multiple sizes
  • Available in various colors
  • Keeps water cold for up to 24-hours
  • Automatically self-cleans
  • Eliminates up to 99.99% of Salmonella and E. coli

Cons

  • Requires regular filter replacements
  • On the pricey side

Key Specs

  • Volume: 23 or 34 fl oz
  • Material: Stainless steel
  • Colors available: Obsidian Black, Granite White, Mojave Dune, Eucalyptus Green, Luberon Lavender

While all of the water bottles on this list help protect your health by sterilizing the water inside, the LARQ Bottle PureVis 2 goes above and beyond by filtering out harmful chemicals and tracking your hydration, making it ideal for athletes trying to optimize their performance.

The first standout feature of the LARQ Bottle PureVis 2 is its ability to filter out harmful chemicals in addition to its sterilization capabilities. The bottle comes with what LARQ calls an Essential Bottle Filter, which attaches to the bottle's straw. The company claims that the filter reduces the levels of harmful chemicals in the water, such as chlorine, certain pharmaceuticals, and PFAS, also known as "forever chemicals." PFAS are used in a variety of products and often make their way into drinking water. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), PFAS impact human health in a number of ways. Exposure increases your risk of developing certain cancers, can weaken your immune system, and can reduce your fertility.

 “It filters water really well, almost instantly,” said writer Julia Childs Heyl. “I was shocked. It tasted just like water from my purifier.” You can also purchase the company’s Advanced Bottle Filter, which removes heavy metals such as lead. While these filters provide real health benefits, they also have a downside: they need to be replaced every 2 months and aren’t cheap. Heyl also mentioned that the bottle didn’t fit in a water bottle holder, which could be a downside as well.
Another benefit of the LARQ Bottle PureVis 2 is that it tracks your hydration. If you pair the bottle with the LARQ app, the bottle will track how much you drink throughout the day. The app allows you to set hydration goals and sends notifications reminding you to drink if you fall behind. This feature is especially important for athletes because the more physical activity you do, the more water you need to drink.

Neither of these features comes at the cost of the bottle's self-cleaning ability. As with all the bottles on this list, you can initiate the bottle's cleaning mode, but you don't ever have to, because it runs automatically every 2 hours.

If you're an athlete who wants to stay on top of their hydration goals while avoiding harsh chemicals, the LARQ Bottle PureVis 2 is a perfect fit.

Tal Ultra Bottle Self Cleaning

Best Budget

Tal Ultra Bottle

Pros

  • Affordable price
  • Keeps water cold for up to 24 hours
  • Antimicrobial exterior
  • Available in three colors

Cons

  • Only one size available
  • Some users found the manual hard to read

Key Specs

  • Volume: 18 fl oz.
  • Material: Stainless steel
  • Colors available: Black, pink, and teal

The Tal Ultra Bottle is our pick for the best UV water bottle for those on a budget because it's around $30 yet offers many of the same features as the other bottles on this list. It sterilizes water in 3 minutes and keeps water cold for up to 24 hours. Additionally, the bottle's exterior is designed to be antimicrobial, meaning it helps prevent tiny living organisms called microbes from growing on the surface of the bottle. It comes in three colors — black, pink, and teal.

One downside we found in our research is that some users reported that the instruction manual was complicated and hard to read due to the small print size. But if you're looking for the most affordable UV water bottle, the Tal Ultra Bottle is one of the best options on the market.

UV Brite Self Cleaning UV Water Bottle

Best for Travel

UVBrite Go Bottle

Pros

  • Multiple cleaning modes
  • ”Blitz” cleaning mode offers extra sanitation
  • Able to reduce microbes up to 99.99%
  • Small size may be ideal for travel

Cons

  • Available from limited retailers
  • Only available in one size and two colors

Key Specs

  • Volume: 18.6 fl oz
  • Material: Stainless steel
  • Colors available: Black Noir, Cyan Blue

The UVBrite Go Bottle is one of the more standard water bottles on this list. It doesn't come with any fancy apps or in a variety of sizes or colors. However, it is ideal for travel because it has a unique “blitz” cleaning mode designed for those dealing with dubious water on their adventures.

According to the CDC, around 30 to 70% of travelers experience traveler's diarrhea during a two-week trip. Traveler's diarrhea is caused by contaminated food and water from countries with inferior sanitation.

 Therefore, if you often travel abroad, you want to consider a bottle with a more powerful sanitation system, and UVBrite's Go Bottle is a great example.

While most UV water bottles only come with one sterilizing setting, the Go Bottle features two. The first is the "Normal mode," which lasts for 180 seconds and is meant for everyday use. The second is "blitz mode," meant for water that may need more sanitation, such as water from rivers and streams or from places with lower water quality. To do this, Blitz mode takes a full 300 seconds. The brand boasts that it can reduce microbes by up to 99.99%.

The only potential downside to the bottle is that it's relatively small. It can only hold 18.6 fl ounces of water. While this makes it easy to carry around, it also means that you'll have to refill it frequently. Still, if you often find yourself exploring places that lack the sanitation systems many of us are used to, the UVBrite Go Bottle would make a great travel companion.

Glo UV Smart Water Bottle

Best for Camping

Glo UV Water Smart Bottle

Pros

  • Easily portable
  • Keeps water cold for 24-hours
  • Keeps water hot for 12 hours
  • Dishwasher safe

Cons

  • Only available in one color
  • Only available from Amazon

Key Specs

  • Volume: 400 mL (about 13.5 fl oz)
  • Colors available: White
  • Material: Alloy steel

If you're going hiking or camping, having clean drinking water is important, especially if you're a long way away from a fully operational sink. At the same time, you want to keep your pack as light as possible so that you're not lugging around more weight than you need to. This is where the Glo UV Water Smart Bottle comes in. It's tiny — it only carries 400 mL (about 13.5 fl oz.) of water, making it the smallest on this list. And while this might be a disadvantage for someone looking to avoid repeatedly refilling their water bottle, it's ideal for a camper who doesn't want to overload their pack. Like many of the bottles on this list, the Glo keeps water cold for 24 hours and purifies it in 3 minutes. It doesn't do so automatically, however, so you will have to remember to push the button each time you dip it into a stream.

Despite this small downside, the Glo UV Water Smart Bottle's compact size makes it a great option for campers and anyone looking for a more lightweight option.

Firsthealth UV self cleaning water bottle

Best for Other Beverages

FIRSTHEALTH UV Self-Cleaning Water Bottle

Pros

  • Sterilizes drinks other than water
  • Keeps beverages cold for up to 24 hours
  • Keeps beverages hot for up to 12 hours
  • Kills 99.9% of bacteria
  • Remains charged for up to 500,000 sanitizing cycles

Cons

  • Available from limited retailers
  • Only one size and color available

Key Specs

  • Volume: 18 fl oz.
  • Material: Stainless steel
  • Colors available: Black
Though we've focused this list on bottles that help you drink more clean water, other liquids can hydrate you, too. For example, registered dietitian and founder of The Better Nutrition Program, Ashley Koff, RD, emphasizes that electrolytes, such as sodium and potassium, are an important aspect of staying hydrated, especially when exercising. This is because your body loses salt when you sweat, and while you can usually maintain balanced electrolyte levels by drinking enough water and eating enough food, the CDC recommends drinking something with balanced electrolytes, such as a sports drink, if you will be sweating for a while.

Therefore, having a UV water bottle that can handle beverages other than water can be helpful, which is why you might want to consider FIRSTHEALTH's UV Self-Cleaning Water Bottle. This bottle is one of the only ones we’ve found that explicitly claimed to be able to sterilize other beverages, such as sports drinks. And while you may not be concerned that your bottle of sports drink is contaminated by bacteria, no one likes a water bottle that smells, regardless of what drink is in it.

FIRSTHEALTH's bottle features one of the longest battery lives of any bottle on this list, lasting up to 500,000 sanitation cycles. If you're looking for a more personalized experience, however, this isn't the best choice, since it comes in only one size (18 fl oz.) and one color (black). But if your main goal is to choose what kind of drink to put in your water bottle, look no further than FIRSTHEALTH's UV Self-Cleaning Water Bottle.

Vsitoo 33 oz smart self cleaning water bottle

Best for Outdoor Use

VSITOO AI Self-Cleaning Water Bottle S1 Max

Pros

  • Automatically cleans itself based on usage patterns
  • Monitors water temperature
  • Keeps water cold for 24 hours
  • Drinking reminders available via an app
  • Automatically pauses cleaning when bottle is turned towards the body
  • 30-day battery life
  • Available in four colors

Cons

  • Only one size available
  • Some users found magnetic charging cord inconvenient 

Key Specs

  • Volume: 33 fl oz.
  • Material: Stainless steel
  • Colors available: Black, white, pink, and blue

The VSITOO AI Self-Cleaning Water Bottle S1 Max's AI cleaning scheduling features and built-in temperature monitoring make it the ideal choice for outdoor use. This bottle has all of the features you expect from a UV water bottle: It keeps water cold for 24 hours and sterilizes itself at the touch of a button. However, this bottle goes above and beyond. While you can initiate a cleaning cycle yourself, the bottle automatically maintains its cleanliness by using AI to create a cleaning schedule tailored to your hydration patterns. Additionally, you can create your own cleaning schedule in the VSITOO app. This is a great feature for those spending long days outdoors since you don't have to remember to sterilize the bottle every time you refill it.

The bottle's lid also monitors the water's temperature in real time. According to the instruction manual, it takes some time for the lid to register the current water temperature. To speed up the process, you can simply flip the bottle upside down to bring more water into contact with the lid. The lid also features a ring that changes color based on the water's temperature. It's blue if the water is 95 degrees F or below, orange from 96.8 degrees F to 122 degrees F, and red if it's higher than 122 degrees F. This makes it easy to identify an unsafe temperature before you even open the bottle.

Furthermore, the bottle can remind you to drink more water throughout the day through its connection with the VSITOO app. You can set up a reminder schedule in the app, but if you don't want to reach for your phone to stop the reminders, you can turn drinking reminders on and off directly on the lid.

By far the biggest complaint users had about this bottle in our research is its charging system. While most of the bottles on this list use a standard USB-C charging cable, this one requires a specialized magnetic charging cable. In theory, this is supposed to streamline the charging process, but many users found it inconvenient to have to remember to bring a special cord with them whenever they went somewhere with their bottle. Some even found the charger itself to be finicky.

Still, with the VSITOO AI Self-Cleaning Water Bottle S1 Max's many unique features, the charging system is hardly a deal breaker, especially since the bottle boasts a 30-day battery life once the device is fully charged. If you're looking for a bottle to bring on all of your outdoor adventures, this might be the best option for you.

Monos Kiyo UVC Bottle

Best for Students

Monos Kiyo UVC Water Bottle

Pros

  • Features a silicone base to protect from falls
  • Keeps water cold for 24-hours
  • Long-lasting battery life
  • Available in multiple sizes
  • Backed by a two-year limited warranty
  • Reduces bacteria by up to 99.99%
  • Available in four colors

Cons

  • Only available from manufacturer
  • Basic cleaning mode does not sterilize water 

Key Specs

  • Volume: 500 mL (about 17 fl oz.) or 750 mL (about 25 fl oz.)
  • Material: Stainless steel
  • Colors available: Carbon Black, Castle Rock, Blue Hour, Graphite

Monos Kiyo UVC Water Bottle is a streamlined product perfect for the not-so-streamlined lives of busy students. The Kiyo UVC Water Bottle lacks the high-end tech of a bottle that tracks your hydration, and it doesn't have any additional filtering capabilities. Yet, it does the basics very well. The base of the bottle is silicone, so it's less likely to tip over in the middle of a lecture and disrupt the entire class with a loud clank. Plus, it only needs to be charged once a month with normal use, which is a great perk for students juggling dozens of responsibilities. The bottle comes in two sizes: 500 milliliter (mL) (about 17 fl oz.), and 750 mL (about 25 fl oz.), enabling students to choose whether to prioritize portability or capacity.

The bottle's biggest weakness is the nature of its two cleaning modes. While its 3-minute "Deep Clean" mode sterilizes the bottle, the standard 1-minute "Quick Clean" mode does not. It's not entirely clear from the website what the Quick Clean mode does, so this could be a drawback if you accidentally use it instead of the Deep Clean mode. That said, the Kiyo UVC Water Bottle will fit seamlessly into the lives of many busy people, including students rushing from class to class.

self-cleaning water bottle

Best for Parents

Sans Self-Cleaning Water Bottle

Pros

  • Strong silicone carrying loop
  • Durable touch screen lid
  • Keeps water cold for 24 hours
  • Intuitive design
  • Available in white and black

Cons

  • Charging cord is very short
  • Only one size available
  • Only available from the manufacturer 

Key Specs

  • Volume: 17 fl oz.
  • Material: Stainless steel
  • Colors available: White and black

The Sans Self-Cleaning Water Bottle is ideal for parents and caregivers because it is equal parts simple and durable. It’s incredibly straightforward: There is one three-minute cleaning cycle option, which you initiate by tapping on the lid two times. As it cleans itself, a ring of tiny lights spins around and around on the lid, like the one you see on a computer as a web page loads. When the lid's battery is running low, the circle in the center of the dots, which is usually blue, turns red. You know it's done charging when the ring turns green. That's it. There's nothing else to using this bottle. I personally tested this product for several days and loved the simplicity. As someone who didn't even know UV water bottles existed before writing this article, I was thrilled by how easy it was to use.

To be clear, I am not a parent and don't care for children regularly, so I haven't directly seen whether the bottle can withstand a toddler's temper tantrum. But I suspect it can because I have put it through its paces. I have a physical disability, so I drop and knock things over frequently. This bottle has survived falling off my lap, my desk, and the top of the crunch machine at the gym. I even hit it with my wheelchair once. Though there are a few visible scratches, it's in perfect working order.

The only grievance I have with the bottle is the charging process. The bottle comes with a short USB-C charging cord. When the battery ran low for the first time, my initial instinct was to plug the lid into my phone charger. Nothing happened. Thinking it had something to do with the adapter, I tried plugging it into my laptop charger. Same result. Then I remembered just how short the charging cord it came with was. It was then that I reached for the equally short cord I use to charge my heated vest battery. It began charging immediately. This may just be a one-off experience with my charging cord, but it’s good to keep in mind.

But this is not a dealbreaker for me by any means. I love the bottle so much that it's currently sitting on the desk next to me as I write, even though the testing period is long over. It's replaced my everyday water bottle.

The Sans Self-Cleaning Water Bottle features the standard benefits of UV self-cleaning water bottles while being durable enough to withstand the hectic lives of parents (or anyone who often drops things, like me).

Comparison Table

Superlative
Volume
Material
Colors Available
LARQ Bottle PureVis 2
23 or 24 fl oz.
Stainless steel
Obsidian Black, Granite White, Mojave Dune, Eucalyptus Green, Luberon Lavender
Best Budget
18 fl oz.
Stainless steel
Black, Pink, Teal
Best for Travel
18.6 fl oz.
Stainless steel
Black Noir, Cyan Blue
Best for Camping
13.5 fl oz.
Alloy steel
White
Best for Other Beverages
18 fl oz.
Stainless steel
Black
Best for Outdoor Use
33 fl oz.
Stainless steel
Black, White, Pink, Blue
Best for Students
17 or 25 fl oz.
Stainless steel
Carbon Black, Castle Rock, Blue Hour, Graphite
Best for Parents
17 fl oz.
Stainless steel
Black, White

Other Notable UV Water Bottles We Tried

The LARQ Bottle PureVis has many of the benefits of the PureVis 2 we mentioned above, but it doesn’t link to an app, and it doesn’t use a water filter. Even without the filter, it eliminates up to 99 percent of bio-contaminants like E. coli with just a 90-second UV sterilizing cycle. “I used it while camping to make sure my water was clean (though I was getting it from camping water fountains),” said editorial director Simone Scully. She liked the peace of mind knowing her water bottle was sterilizing her water, and she said the bottle did a good job keeping her water cold on hikes. We ultimately chose to include the PureVis2 on our list because of its ability to remove chlorine, pharmaceuticals, and PFOS.

How We Chose the Best UV Water Bottles

Testing Sans smart water bottle
Everyday Health

First, we consulted three experts about the importance of hydration: Eleonora Fedonenko, MD, board-certified internist and medical director of Your Laser Skin Care in Los Angeles, California; Olga Bachilo, MD, FACS, board-certified plastic surgeon at Glamour Plastic Surgery and Med Spa in Houston, Texas; and Ashley Koff, RD, a registered dietitian and founder of The Better Nutrition Program. To better understand the infection risk posed by dirty water bottles, we connected with Alex LeBeau, PhD, MPH, a toxicologist and owner of Exposure Assessment Consulting.

With that knowledge under our belt, we then scoured the internet for the best UV water bottles, testing three in the process. We looked for bottles with features that would help users stay hydrated throughout the day while keeping your water safe and clean.

What To Look For When Buying a UV Water Bottle

Since all UV water bottles work more or less the same way, by sending UV light throughout the bottle, the most important part is that it works. You’ll also want a bottle that encourages you to drink more water. Here are a few features to consider:

  • Size: Try to find a bottle that’s large enough so that you don’t have to refill it too frequently, but isn’t so big that it’s hard to carry around. Consider whether the bottle will fit in a water bottle holder in your car, on your bicycle (if you’re a frequent rider), or in your favorite bag.
  • App compatibility: Some bottles link to apps that track your hydration. You’ll want an app that’s easy to use if this is a feature you’re interested in. Others may find an app over the top, preferring to track their hydration themselves.
  • Insulation: Most UV water bottles keep water cold for 12-24 hours. Having cold water always on hand can encourage users to drink more often.
  • Cost: UV water bottles range in price from $30 to over $100, depending on the number of features. Find one in your price range — a water bottle typically isn’t something people want to break the bank over.

What is UV Light and How Does it Disinfect Water Bottles?

Light travels in a variety of wavelengths, which make up the electromagnetic spectrum. Humans can only see a small portion of this spectrum called the visible light spectrum. Ultraviolet (UV) light lies just outside this spectrum, with wavelengths a little too short for us to see.

According to Alex LeBeau, PhD, MPH, a toxicologist and owner of Exposure Assessment Consulting, based in central Florida, there are three kinds of UV light. UV-A and UV-B come from the sun, but UV-C is used to kill microorganisms by damaging key cellular components. UV water bottles work by using a UV light that shines inside the bottle (usually from the lid), which kills microorganisms.

What Are the Benefits of UV Water Bottles?

The main benefit of UV water bottles is that you don't need to worry about them becoming filled with bacteria or viruses. Tap water is disinfected before coming through your pipes using safe levels of chemicals such as chlorine.

 "Once that residual [disinfectant] is depleted, any low concentrations of organisms within that water can use naturally occurring nutrients (e.g., carbon-based) to feed off and grow, says Dr. LeBeau. “This results in the contamination of the water within the water bottle. Typical drinking water pathogens include E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus." This is why your water bottle can start to smell over time if you don't clean it regularly.

Having a clean bottle that doesn't stink can help you stay hydrated. We spoke to Dr. Fedonenko about why she regularly recommends her patients switch to a UV water bottle. In her experience, the convenience of UV water bottles improves people's hydration habits. "When the bottle does not get dirty without any effort, the habit comes naturally,” she says. “Small changes in convenience drive the biggest improvements in daily hydration habits, and UV bottles are the first technology I've seen that actually moves the needle in terms of long-term behavior change."

How Much Water Should I Drink Per Day?

Drinking enough water is vital. "Your body is about 60% water and every cell in your body relies upon an adequate supply of the water to function properly," says Fedonenko. Dr. Bachilo reinforced this point. "Most people are unaware of the amount of water their bodies need,” she says. Your kidneys can't filter out waste as effectively as they should when you are dehydrated. Your digestion slows down. Your cardiovascular system works harder to pump and circulate the blood. Consistent water consumption keeps everything running smoothly."

Determining how much water you should drink is a bit more complicated. A wide variety of factors influence how much water you need. "Most adult bodies need about 8 - 12 oz. every 3 hours,” says Koff. “But hydration will also be dependent on electrolytes, stress, blood sugar, and activity levels." She says that during exercise or spending time in the heat, the goal is to drink smaller amounts of water regularly by making frequent "pit stops."

But if you're looking for a general rule of thumb, the NHS recommends that adults drink between 6 and 8 cups of liquid per day.

Is the UV Light in a Self-Cleaning Water Bottle Safe?

This is a good question because UV light can be dangerous. Exposure to UVA and UVB (the UV light that comes from the sun) increases your risk of skin cancer, and UVC (the type of UV light used in UV water bottles) also poses real health risks, including eye and skin burns.

LeBeau says that because of this, for UV water bottles to be safe, "there would need to be safety features built into the UV mechanism to ensure that the light can only operate when the bottle top is closed, containing the UV-C light to the bottle itself."

FAQ

Do you ever need to manually clean a UV water bottle?
Yes. While the UV light will kill most of the microbes in the water, it won't remove any residue from your saliva or any non-water beverages put into the bottle. So while you don't need to wash them daily, it's good practice to occasionally manually clean them.
Depending on the number of features, they usually cost anywhere from $30 to $130. Special features, such as hydration tracking and additional filtering, increase the cost.
Yes. In fact, many UV water bottles are designed to keep water hot for up to 12 hours.

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When they were 12, El Wilson decided they wanted to be a writer when they grew up — and they never changed their mind, even though what they write about has changed a bit (though t...

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Justin Laube, MD

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Justin Laube, MD, is a dual board-certified integrative and internal medicine physician, retreat leader, and healing educator with over 15 years of experience caring for patients w...

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Evan Starkman has worked in health journalism since 2011. He has written and fact-checked content for sites such as WebMD and Mayo Clinic. He earned a master's degree in journalism...

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Nicole Bonaccorso is a writer and editor with more than 12 years of journalism experience. She has been writing for Everyday Health since 2025, and has also been published on NBCNe...

Julia Childs Heyl, MSW

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Julia Childs Heyl, MSW, is a California-based clinical social worker and mental health writer. Her writing often focuses on mental health disparities and uses critical race theory ...

Simone Scully

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Simone Scully is the editorial director for service commerce and marketplace content at Everyday Health. She has nearly 15 years of experience as a professional health and science ...

EDITORIAL SOURCES
Everyday Health follows strict sourcing guidelines to ensure the accuracy of its content, outlined in our editorial policy. We use only trustworthy sources, including peer-reviewed studies, board-certified medical experts, patients with lived experience, and information from top institutions.
Resources
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  12. Facts About Ultraviolet Radiation. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. February 20, 2024.
  13. Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. August 19, 2020.
Additional Sources
  • Water. National Library of Medicine.
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  • Li Y et al. Can Molecular Hydrogen Supplementation Reduce Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress in Healthy Adults? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers. March 24, 2024.
  • de Almeida AJPO et al. ROS: Basic Concepts, Sources, Cellular Signaling, and its Implications in Aging Pathways. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. October 19, 2022.