Stretching Guide: Types, Benefits, Stretches for Beginners, and More

If stretching isn’t part of your regular health and fitness routine, you may be missing out.

“Stretching is good for everybody and definitely something to do on a regular basis as part of an overall exercise plan,” says Jacque Crockford, a doctor of health science and ACE-certified personal trainer based in San Diego.

Stretching is a type of exercise that boosts flexibility and mobility by lengthening the muscles, either by extending them or with movement.

What Are the Different Types of Stretching?

There are several types of stretching, and each offers a unique benefit. Here are some common types of stretching.

Passive Stretching

Another example is a hamstring stretch with a towel or belt, says Kate Galliett, a functional range conditioning mobility specialist who is certified by the National Academy of Sports Medicine and based in Price, Utah. It’s commonly done after a workout and for relaxation.

Static Stretching

While the terms “static stretching” and “passive stretching” are often used interchangeably, there’s a subtle difference, Galliett says. Static and passive stretching are similar in that you’re holding a stretch. But unlike in passive stretching, with static stretching you’re in supporting yourself in the position of the stretch.

For example, if you kneel on the floor and hold a position to stretch out your hip flexor (the muscle in the front of your hip), you’re doing a static stretch. But “if you lie on your side on a massage table and have a physical therapist pull your leg back to stretch the hip flexor, that would be a passive stretch,” Galliett says.

Active Stretching

Active stretching may appear similar to static stretching. However, static stretching relies on a relaxed hold, whereas active stretching engages the opposing muscle groups to hold the position, using your own muscular effort rather than gravity, a strap, or another external force to sustain the stretch.

For example, you lie on your back and use your leg muscles to lift one straight leg until you feel a stretch in your hamstrings, says Galliett, who is also the author of Becoming Unbreakable: How to Build a Body You Love to Live In.

This technique can be helpful for people who are recovering from injuries because it incorporates gentle strength work, she says.

Isometric Stretching

This method involves adding a static muscle contraction (the muscle doesn’t change length) to a static or active stretch, Galliett says. There’s some force pushing against the muscle you’re stretching.

An example is a calf stretch in which you lunge one foot forward, straighten your back leg with your heel pressing down, and push into a wall in front of you with your arms. Typically, you alternate between contracting the muscle for 10 seconds and stretching the muscle for 30 seconds. Then repeat for 3 to 6 reps.

Isometric stretching can be great for people who want to make reasonably rapid advances in flexibility because it sends more signals from the nervous system that tell the muscles it’s okay to stretch further.

Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation

Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) is similar to isometric stretching, except that the contract-relax scheme might be done for a much shorter time, like a 15-second stretch and 7-second contraction, Galliett says. This stretching technique also includes a contraction of the muscle opposite the muscle being stretched.

A PNF hamstring stretch would look like this, Galliett says: Lie on your back and have someone lift one leg toward the ceiling until you feel a stretch in the back of your lifted leg. Hold there for 15 to 30 seconds. Contract the hamstring for 7 to 15 seconds, then contract the quadriceps (the muscle in the front of your thigh) for 7 to 15 seconds. Relax and let your hamstring be stretched a little further. Hold for 15 to 30 seconds. Contractions are held for half the time of stretches.

Dynamic Stretching

Somatic Stretching

The Health Benefits of Stretching

• More flexibility
• Improved mobility
• Better range of motion
• Lower injury risk
• Healthy aging

It’s important to work on your mobility and flexibility if you sit a lot during the day. But even if you don’t have a sedentary lifestyle, when we are up and about, many of us tend to limit ourselves to a narrow range of motion, relying a lot on certain muscles and not calling on others at all. This puts extra tension on certain muscles and can throw our muscles, bones, and joints out of ideal alignment.

“When our muscles, bones, and joints aren’t in the right place, we have to carry extra tightness in certain areas to accommodate that,” Galliett says. One example is low back tightness.

When our bodies fall out of ideal alignment and our weight leans forward, something has to hold us up. The low back often takes on the brunt of that work, rather than dispersing it across the hamstrings, glutes, and abdominals, leaving it carrying extra tightness, Galliett says.

When’s the Best Time to Stretch?

Some good times to stretch are:

• Before Working Out Do dynamic stretches before every workout. Five to 10 minutes should be enough to get you warmed up, Galliett says. Health organizations recommend avoiding static stretches before exercise, as this may cause pain or injury.

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• After Working Out Slower, more relaxing techniques like passive and static stretching are great for after a workout. These methods lengthen the muscles and connective tissues and help your body return to a balanced state (homeostasis), meaning your body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure all return to normal, says Crockford, who is also a senior product manager at ACE.
• If You’ve Been in the Same Position for a Long Time Stretching periodically throughout the day can ease muscle tightness if you tend to sit or stand in the same position — such as if you work in front of a computer for long stints, you’ve been sitting in a car or on an airplane for a while, or if you work a service job and are on your feet for several hours.

Galliett recommends the following stretches to target different areas of your body. Try doing them all for a gentle, full-body mobility workout, or as needed to target specific muscle groups.

Lower Back Stretch

Stand with feet hip-width apart. Bend your knees, hinge forward at the hips, and place your hands on your knees. Your pelvis, back, and neck should be in a neutral position so that your body forms a straight line from the top of your head to the top of your glutes. Without losing that neutral position, reach your left hand toward the right foot, allowing your left knee to bend and the right knee to straighten so you can shift your hips. Actively reach toward your foot while driving the right hip back and the left hip forward. Pause briefly before returning to the starting position. Repeat on the opposite side. Keep alternating sides for 30 to 60 seconds or 4 to 6 repetitions.

Piriformis and Sciatica Stretch

Start on the floor on your hands and knees with your back parallel to the floor. Place a book or folded blanket under your left knee to elevate it and your left hip slightly. Your hands should be in line with your shoulders and your knees in line with your hips. Gently tuck your pelvis slightly and shift your weight back and to the left (toward the side with the elevated knee). Breathe in through the nose and out through the mouth for 5 to 10 counts. You should feel a gentle stretch (the movement is subtle) where the back of your leg meets your glutes on your left side. Return to the starting position and place the book or blanket under the right knee. Repeat.

‘Rag Doll’ Neck Stretch

This is a passive stretch that’s great for relaxation and easing stress. Sit on the floor with the legs extended and knees slightly bent. (Prop yourself up on a pillow or folded blanket if this position is uncomfortable.) Allow your knees and ankles to roll outward so your legs are splayed open and relaxed; your back can be gently rounded forward. Bring your chin to your chest and drop your arms to the floor beside you. Gently rotate your head to one side. Relax here and breathe for 5 to 10 counts. Then, rotate your head to the other side and breathe for 5 to 10 counts. You can repeat this as many times as you’d like.

Hip Flexor Stretch

Start on hands and knees on the ground, back parallel to the floor, and place a pillow or folded blanket under your left knee (for cushioning). Your hands should be in line with your shoulders and your knees in line with your hips. Bring your right foot to the outside of your right hand and tuck in your pelvis. If that offers enough of a stretch (you should feel it in the hip crease of the leg on the pillow), stop here, and breathe for 10 seconds. If you’d like a deeper stretch, lift your torso to create a straight line between the top of your head and your left knee. Check that your pelvis is still tucked in before reaching both hands forward. Breathe in through your nose and blow the air out through your mouth. Continue breathing for 5 to 10 counts. Switch sides and repeat.

Glute Stretch

This one is an example of an isometric stretch. Sit in a chair with both feet flat on the floor. Lift your left leg and cross your left ankle over your right knee, allow your left leg to rest on top of your right thigh, gently drawing your left knee toward you with both hands. You should feel a stretch in your left glute. Sit tall and hold the stretch for 10 to 15 seconds. Then, push your left knee forward while using your hands to resist the movement. Push for 5 seconds and immediately relax. Hold the stretch for another 10 to 15 seconds and see if you can go deeper into the stretch. Push for another 5 seconds and then hold the stretch for a final 10 to 15 seconds. Repeat on the other side.

Calf Stretch

Here’s another isometric stretch. Begin standing in front of a wall at arm’s length from it with your feet hip-width apart. Place both hands flat against the wall. Step the right foot back so it’s straight, with your heel flat on the floor, bending your left knee as needed. Keeping both feet pointed forward, gently press your upper body toward the wall until you feel a stretch in the back of your calf and heel. Hold for 30 seconds and then begin pushing the ball of your back foot into the ground like you’re stepping on a gas pedal. Build the pressure slowly and continue until it feels like a 5 or 6 out of 10 on the intensity scale. Hold at that intensity for 10 seconds and then slowly relax the foot. Hold the stretch for another 30 seconds and see if you can go deeper into the stretch. Then push your foot into the ground again until you reach an intensity of 5 or 6 and hold for 10 seconds. Relax and hold the stretch for a final 30 seconds. Repeat on the other side.

Hamstring Toe Touch Stretch

Begin standing with your feet hip-width apart for this dynamic stretch. Keeping your left leg straight, kick it forward gently and reach toward it with your opposite hand. Only kick your leg as far as you can control safely; don’t strain to kick as far as possible. While kicking, keep your body upright so it forms a near-straight line from the top of your head to the foot that’s still on the floor. You can do 5 to 10 reps on one leg before switching to the other leg, or alternate legs until you’ve completed an equal number of reps on each side.

IT Band Tension-Reliever Stretch

Lie on your back far enough in front of a wall so that you can place your feet flat against the wall about hip-width apart. Your knees should be bent at a 90-degree angle with shins parallel to the floor and thighs parallel to the wall. Place a yoga block, small pillow, or book in between your knees if you need support, and prop your head up on a pillow if needed to avoid neck strain. Let your arms rest on the floor by your sides. Inhale through your nose. On the exhale, roll your low back onto the floor and imagine that you’re driving your heels down the wall to tilt the pelvis upward, slightly lifting your hips off the ground. Continue driving your heels for 30 to 60 seconds, breathing deeply.