Dementia does more than rob people of their memories. Research continues to show that dementia — an umbrella term for numerous kinds of cognitive impairments and brain changes — can lead to a wide range of symptoms, especially at the beginning stages. But the signs are not always easy to recognize.
Frontotemporal dementia, for example, can show up with changes in personality, empathy, and language, whereas dementia with Lewy bodies can manifest as overly stoic looks, odd ideas, and even hallucinations.
How can you know if you or a loved one is showing signs of Alzheimer’s disease or another form of dementia?
Any deviation from a person’s usual behavior or abilities might be a cause for concern, says Katherine Rankin, PhD, a neuropsychologist who conducts research at the University of California in San Francisco Memory and Aging Center.
If you or a loved one is experiencing any of these signs or symptoms, it’s worth checking in with your doctor. But it’s important to note that the behaviors mentioned on this list are not signs of dementia unless they are a change from someone’s previous behavior, according to Dr. Rankin.
1. Trouble With Driving
Car accidents or near misses can raise an obvious red flag that someone may be dealing with thinking difficulties — but simple changes in driving behavior may also signal early cognitive decline. A study published in November 2025 found that adults with mild cognitive impairment (a potential precursor to dementia) drove fewer times per month, took fewer trips at night, and had less variation in the routes they drove compared with cognitively healthy adults.
“Looking at people’s daily driving behavior is a relatively low-burden, unobtrusive way to monitor people’s cognitive skills and ability to function,” said study author Ganesh M. Babulal, PhD, a professor at the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, in a press release. “This could help identify drivers who are at risk earlier.”
2. More Frequent Falls
Are you constantly tripping over your own two feet? Everyone falls now and again, but frequent falling could be an early sign of cognitive issues, according to research. One study of adults over 65 found that about 10 percent of those who experienced a fall bad enough to send them to the emergency department or get them admitted to the hospital were diagnosed with dementia within a year. Compared with other causes of injury, falling was tied to a 21 percent higher risk of a later dementia diagnosis.
“People will come into our office concerned because they forgot what was on their grocery list last week, but when their spouse says they’ve fallen four times in the past year, that’s a sign of a problem,” says Rankin.
Frequent falls may be a symptom of numerous brain disorders, including progressive supranuclear palsy.
3. Failure to Pick Up on Sarcasm and Spot Liars
You may or may not appreciate a sarcastic sense of humor, but sarcasm is a part of our culture. ”We see it as a nice way to be critical, and so we use it constantly, even when we are trying to be nice,” says Rankin, whose research found that people with both frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and Alzheimer’s disease tend to have a harder time picking up on sarcasm.
Another unusual feature of dementia that Rankin noticed? People with FTD couldn’t tell when someone was lying, but people with Alzheimer’s disease could. ”FTD patients don’t have that sense anymore that things that people do could turn out badly,” she says.
3. Disregard for the Law and Other Social Norms
Some people with frontotemporal dementia lose their sense of social norms. Shoplifting, breaking into someone’s house, inappropriate interpersonal behaviors such as sexual comments or actions, and even criminal behavior all make the list of surprising dementia symptoms, according to research.
This could lead to trouble with the law: Early-onset dementia can hit people as early as their thirties and forties, well before anyone around them would consider their out-of-character behavior to be a sign of dementia.
But, says Rankin, “Obviously, the majority of people engaging in those behaviors don’t have dementia. It’s only when a previously law-abiding citizen starts to steal or do other things that are out of character that it becomes a concern for dementia.”
4. ‘Reduced Gaze’ and Trouble Reading
“Reduced gaze” is the clinical term for a Lewy body dementia symptom that alters people’s ability to move their eyes normally. “We all move our eyes and track with them frequently,” says Rankin. But people showing early signs of dementia look like they’re staring a lot. Rankin adds that they might skip lines when they try to read. This is one of the signs of dementia that the person with dementia might not completely be aware of, although people around them probably will be.
6. Confusion About What Objects Are Used For
Now and again, most people find themselves desperately searching for the right word. In fact, failing to find the word you’re thinking of is surprisingly common and not necessarily a sign of dementia, says Rankin. But a loss of knowledge about objects — not just what they are called but also what they’re used for — can be an early symptom of Alzheimer’s disease. Oddly enough, people who are losing this knowledge can be very competent in other areas of their lives.
7. Inappropriate Behavior and Loss of Empathy
If someone who is usually sweet, considerate, and polite starts to say insulting or inappropriate things — and shows no awareness of their inappropriateness or concern or regret about what they’ve said — they could be exhibiting an early sign of frontotemporal dementia. In the early stages of some types of dementia, symptoms can include losing the ability to read social cues and, therefore, the ability to understand why it’s not acceptable to say hurtful things.
8. An Increase in Compulsive, Ritualistic Behaviors
One sign of dementia that most people don’t expect is the need to complete extreme rituals or compulsive behaviors. “Plenty of people have odd habits and like things done a certain way,” says Rankin. These habits may be within the normal realm, but extreme hoarding or detailed rituals or compulsions, such as when a person buys a crossword puzzle book every time they go to the store even if they have hundreds of them, could be symptoms of frontotemporal dementia.
9. Difficulty Managing Money
One of the classic early signs of Alzheimer’s disease is an increasing difficulty with money management. This might start off as having trouble balancing a checkbook or keeping up with expenses or bills, but as the disease progresses, poor financial decisions are often made across the board.
Though many people brush off this symptom as a normal part of aging, they shouldn’t. “We tend to associate aging with losing your mind. That’s not healthy aging — it’s a disease,” emphasizes Rankin.
10. Difficulty Forming Words
When people who used to be fluent and could speak smoothly stop being able to produce language that way, this may be a sign of dementia, says Rankin — specifically, a rare form called primary progressive aphasia. Despite this symptom, patients are often crystal clear in other areas. They can run a business, manage their family, or draw beautifully, but they have increased difficulty speaking.
The Takeaway
Memory loss isn’t always the first sign of dementia because many brain illnesses do not start in the memory areas of the brain.
Different types of dementia may first affect visual processing, language, judgement, or facial expressions, while sparing memory early in the disease.
A number of other changes in behavior can be early symptoms, including trouble driving, falling, staring, difficulty forming words, a loss of empathy, and failure to pick up on sarcasm.
David Weisman, MD, is the director of the Clinical Trial Center at Abington Neurological Associates in Pennsylvania, where he has conducted numerous clinical trials into mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease to develop disease-modifying drugs.
Dr. Weisman has dedicated his research career toward advancing new therapies for Alzheimer’s disease, focusing on clinical trials for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, mild cognitive impairment, and other dementias, and he devotes his clinical practice to memory and cognitive problems.
He received a bachelor's degree in philosophy from Franklin and Marshall College, then an MD from Penn State College of Medicine. After an internship at St. Mary’s Hospital in San Francisco, he completed his neurology residency at Yale, where he served as chief resident. He then went to the University California in San Diego for fellowship training in Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias.
Weisman has published papers and studies in journals such as Neurology, JAMA Neurology, Stroke, and The New England Journal of Medicine, among others.
Madeline Vann, MPH, LPC, is a freelance health and medical writer located in Williamsburg, Virginia. She has been writing for over 15 years and can present complicated health topics at any reading level. Her writing has appeared in HealthDay, the Huffington Post, Costco Connection, the New Orleans Times-Picayune, the Huntsville Times, and numerous academic publications.
She received her bachelor's degree from Trinity University, and has a master of public health degree from Tulane University. Her areas of interest include diet, fitness, chronic and infectious diseases, oral health, biotechnology, cancer, positive psychology, caregiving, end-of-life issues, and the intersection between environmental health and individual health.
Outside of writing, Vann is a licensed professional counselor and specializes in treating military and first responders coping with grief, loss, trauma, and addiction/recovery. She is a trauma specialist at the Farley Center, where she provides workshops on trauma, grief, and distress tolerance coping skills. She regularly practices yoga, loves to cook, and can’t decide between a Mediterranean style diet and an Asian-fusion approach.
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Resources
Chen L et al. Association of Daily Driving Behaviors With Mild Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults Followed Over 10 Years. Neurology. November 26, 2025.
